Saturday, 19 March 2011
Pathophysiology of Prostate ca
When normal cells are damaged beyond repair, they are eliminated by apoptosis. Cancer cells avoid apoptosis and continue to multiply in an unregulated manner.
Prostate cancer is classified as an adenocarcinoma, or glandular cancer, that begins when normal semen-secreting prostate gland cells mutate into cancer cells. The region of prostate gland where the adenocarcinoma is most common is the peripheral zone. Initially, small clumps of cancer cells remain confined to otherwise normal prostate glands, a condition known as carcinoma in situ or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Although there is no proof that PIN is a cancer precursor, it is closely associated with cancer. Over time, these cancer cells begin to multiply and spread to the surrounding prostate tissue (the stroma) forming a tumor. Eventually, the tumor may grow large enough to invade nearby organs such as the seminal vesicles or the rectum, or the tumor cells may develop the ability to travel in the bloodstream and lymphatic system. Prostate cancer is considered a malignant tumor because it is a mass of cells that can invade other parts of the body. This invasion of other organs is called metastasis. Prostate cancer most commonly metastasizes to the bones, lymph nodes, rectum, and bladder.
The PI3k/Akt signaling cascade works with the transforming growth factor beta/SMAD signaling cascade to ensure prostate cancer cell survival and protection against apoptosis. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is hypothesized to promote prostate cancer cell survival and growth and is a target of research because if this inhibitor can be shut down then the apoptosis cascade can carry on its function in preventing cancer cell proliferation.[54] Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) stimulates the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway which leads to prostate cancer cell growth and survival.
The androgen receptor helps prostate cancer cells to survive and is a target for many anti cancer research studies; so far, inhibiting the androgen receptor has only proven to be effective in mouse studies. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) stimulates the development of prostate cancer by increasing folate levels for the cancer cells to use to survive and grow; PSMA increases available folates for use by hydrolyzing glutamated folates
Prostate cancer is classified as an adenocarcinoma, or glandular cancer, that begins when normal semen-secreting prostate gland cells mutate into cancer cells. The region of prostate gland where the adenocarcinoma is most common is the peripheral zone. Initially, small clumps of cancer cells remain confined to otherwise normal prostate glands, a condition known as carcinoma in situ or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Although there is no proof that PIN is a cancer precursor, it is closely associated with cancer. Over time, these cancer cells begin to multiply and spread to the surrounding prostate tissue (the stroma) forming a tumor. Eventually, the tumor may grow large enough to invade nearby organs such as the seminal vesicles or the rectum, or the tumor cells may develop the ability to travel in the bloodstream and lymphatic system. Prostate cancer is considered a malignant tumor because it is a mass of cells that can invade other parts of the body. This invasion of other organs is called metastasis. Prostate cancer most commonly metastasizes to the bones, lymph nodes, rectum, and bladder.
The PI3k/Akt signaling cascade works with the transforming growth factor beta/SMAD signaling cascade to ensure prostate cancer cell survival and protection against apoptosis. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is hypothesized to promote prostate cancer cell survival and growth and is a target of research because if this inhibitor can be shut down then the apoptosis cascade can carry on its function in preventing cancer cell proliferation.[54] Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) stimulates the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway which leads to prostate cancer cell growth and survival.
The androgen receptor helps prostate cancer cells to survive and is a target for many anti cancer research studies; so far, inhibiting the androgen receptor has only proven to be effective in mouse studies. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) stimulates the development of prostate cancer by increasing folate levels for the cancer cells to use to survive and grow; PSMA increases available folates for use by hydrolyzing glutamated folates
Wednesday, 9 March 2011
Causes
Causes
Just like other cancers, the specific causes of prostate cancer remain unknown. A man's risk of developing prostate cancer is related to his age, genetics, race, diet, lifestyle, medications, and other factors.
Age
The primary risk factor is age. Prostate cancer is very uncommon in men younger than 45, but becomes more common with advancing age. The average age at the time of diagnosis is 70. However, many men never know they have prostate cancer. In the United States in 2005, there were an estimated 230,000 new cases of prostate cancer and 30,000 deaths due to prostate cancer. Men with high blood pressure are more likely to develop prostate cancer.
Genetics
Genetic background may contribute to prostate cancer risk, as suggested by associations with race, family, and specific gene variants. In the United States, prostate cancer more commonly affects black men than white or Hispanic men, and is also more deadly in black men. No single gene is responsible for prostate cancer; many different genes have been implicated. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, important risk factors for ovarian cancer and breast cancer in women, have also been implicated in prostate cancer. Other linked genes include the "prostate cancer gene", HPC1, the androgen receptor, and the vitamin D receptor.
Diet
Evidence from epidemiological studies supports a possible protective role in reducing prostate cancer for dietary Vitamin B6, selenium, vitamin E, lycopene, and soy foods. Lower blood levels of vitamin D may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. This may be linked to lower exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, since UV light exposure can increase vitamin D in the body. Studies comparing men who live in areas of the country with high levels of selenium to men in areas with low levels suggest that this mineral protects against prostate cancer. An analysis in 2002 of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial revealed that the men who took selenium supplements daily were half as likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer. However, in 2008, the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) indicated that neither selenium nor vitamin E, alone or in combination, was effective for the primary prevention of prostate cancer. Green tea may be protective (due to its polyphenol content), although the most comprehensive clinical study indicates that it has no protective effect.
Research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute suggests that taking multivitamins more than seven times a week can increase the risks of contracting the disease. This research was unable to highlight the exact vitamins responsible for this increase (almost double), although they suggest that vitamin A, vitamin E and beta-carotene may lie at its heart. It is advised that those taking multivitamins never exceed the stated daily dose on the label.
Medication exposure
There are also some links between prostate cancer and medications, medical procedures, and medical conditions. Daily use of anti-inflammatory medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen may decrease prostate cancer risk. Use of the cholesterol-lowering drugs known as the statins may also decrease prostate cancer risk. Infection or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) may increase the chance for prostate cancer. In particular, infection with the sexually transmitted infections chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis seems to increase risk. Finally, obesity and elevated blood levels of testosterone may increase the risk for prostate cancer.
Potential viral cause
In 2006, researchers associated a previously unknown retrovirus, Xenotropic MuLV-related virus or XMRV, with human prostate tumors. Subsequent reports on the virus have been contradictory. A group of US researchers found XMRV protein expression in human prostate tumors, while German scientists failed to find XMRV-specific antibodies or XMRV-specific nucleic acid sequences in prostate cancer samples
to be continued....
Just like other cancers, the specific causes of prostate cancer remain unknown. A man's risk of developing prostate cancer is related to his age, genetics, race, diet, lifestyle, medications, and other factors.
Age
The primary risk factor is age. Prostate cancer is very uncommon in men younger than 45, but becomes more common with advancing age. The average age at the time of diagnosis is 70. However, many men never know they have prostate cancer. In the United States in 2005, there were an estimated 230,000 new cases of prostate cancer and 30,000 deaths due to prostate cancer. Men with high blood pressure are more likely to develop prostate cancer.
Genetics
Genetic background may contribute to prostate cancer risk, as suggested by associations with race, family, and specific gene variants. In the United States, prostate cancer more commonly affects black men than white or Hispanic men, and is also more deadly in black men. No single gene is responsible for prostate cancer; many different genes have been implicated. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, important risk factors for ovarian cancer and breast cancer in women, have also been implicated in prostate cancer. Other linked genes include the "prostate cancer gene", HPC1, the androgen receptor, and the vitamin D receptor.
Diet
Evidence from epidemiological studies supports a possible protective role in reducing prostate cancer for dietary Vitamin B6, selenium, vitamin E, lycopene, and soy foods. Lower blood levels of vitamin D may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. This may be linked to lower exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, since UV light exposure can increase vitamin D in the body. Studies comparing men who live in areas of the country with high levels of selenium to men in areas with low levels suggest that this mineral protects against prostate cancer. An analysis in 2002 of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial revealed that the men who took selenium supplements daily were half as likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer. However, in 2008, the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) indicated that neither selenium nor vitamin E, alone or in combination, was effective for the primary prevention of prostate cancer. Green tea may be protective (due to its polyphenol content), although the most comprehensive clinical study indicates that it has no protective effect.
Research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute suggests that taking multivitamins more than seven times a week can increase the risks of contracting the disease. This research was unable to highlight the exact vitamins responsible for this increase (almost double), although they suggest that vitamin A, vitamin E and beta-carotene may lie at its heart. It is advised that those taking multivitamins never exceed the stated daily dose on the label.
Medication exposure
There are also some links between prostate cancer and medications, medical procedures, and medical conditions. Daily use of anti-inflammatory medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen may decrease prostate cancer risk. Use of the cholesterol-lowering drugs known as the statins may also decrease prostate cancer risk. Infection or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) may increase the chance for prostate cancer. In particular, infection with the sexually transmitted infections chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis seems to increase risk. Finally, obesity and elevated blood levels of testosterone may increase the risk for prostate cancer.
Potential viral cause
In 2006, researchers associated a previously unknown retrovirus, Xenotropic MuLV-related virus or XMRV, with human prostate tumors. Subsequent reports on the virus have been contradictory. A group of US researchers found XMRV protein expression in human prostate tumors, while German scientists failed to find XMRV-specific antibodies or XMRV-specific nucleic acid sequences in prostate cancer samples
to be continued....
Monday, 7 March 2011
COMMALEMAL, Ca Prostate contd
Signs and symptoms
Early prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms. Often it is diagnosed during the workup for an elevated PSA noticed during a routine checkup. It's highly advised to avoid sexual intercourse for 3 days prior to a PSA test because that affects the outcome of the test. Sometimes, however, prostate cancer does cause symptoms, often similar to those of diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. These include frequent urination, increased urination at night, difficulty starting and maintaining a steady stream of urine, blood in the urine, and painful urination. Prostate cancer is associated with urinary dysfunction as the prostate gland surrounds the prostatic urethra. Changes within the gland, therefore, directly affect urinary function. Because the vas deferens deposits seminal fluid into the prostatic urethra, and secretions from the prostate gland itself are included in semen content, prostate cancer may also cause problems with sexual function and performance, such as difficulty achieving erection or painful ejaculation.
Advanced prostate cancer can spread to other parts of the body, possibly causing additional symptoms. The most common symptom is bone pain, often in the vertebrae (bones of the spine), pelvis, or ribs. Spread of cancer into other bones such as the femur is usually to the proximal part of the bone. Prostate cancer in the spine can also compress the spinal cord, causing leg weakness and urinary and fecal incontinence
to be contd....
Early prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms. Often it is diagnosed during the workup for an elevated PSA noticed during a routine checkup. It's highly advised to avoid sexual intercourse for 3 days prior to a PSA test because that affects the outcome of the test. Sometimes, however, prostate cancer does cause symptoms, often similar to those of diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. These include frequent urination, increased urination at night, difficulty starting and maintaining a steady stream of urine, blood in the urine, and painful urination. Prostate cancer is associated with urinary dysfunction as the prostate gland surrounds the prostatic urethra. Changes within the gland, therefore, directly affect urinary function. Because the vas deferens deposits seminal fluid into the prostatic urethra, and secretions from the prostate gland itself are included in semen content, prostate cancer may also cause problems with sexual function and performance, such as difficulty achieving erection or painful ejaculation.
Advanced prostate cancer can spread to other parts of the body, possibly causing additional symptoms. The most common symptom is bone pain, often in the vertebrae (bones of the spine), pelvis, or ribs. Spread of cancer into other bones such as the femur is usually to the proximal part of the bone. Prostate cancer in the spine can also compress the spinal cord, causing leg weakness and urinary and fecal incontinence
to be contd....
Wednesday, 2 March 2011
Cannabis use 'raises psychosis risk' - study
Using cannabis as a teenager or young adult increases the risk of psychosis, a report suggests.
The study published in the British Medical Journal involved tracking 1,900 people over a period of 10 years.
Although the link between cannabis and psychosis is well-established, it had been unclear whether cannabis triggers the disorder.
This research strongly suggests that cannabis use comes first, rather than people taking it for their symptoms.
The research was led by Professor Jim van Os from Maastricht University in the Netherlands, and included researchers from the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the UK.
They excluded anyone who reported cannabis use or pre-existing psychotic symptoms at the start of the study, which took place in Germany.
The participants in the study, aged between 14 and 24, were assessed for cannabis use and psychotic symptoms at three points over a 10-year period.
It found that cannabis use "significantly" increased the risk of psychotic symptoms, even when other factors such as socio-economic status, use of different drugs and other psychiatric conditions were taken into account. for more info., contact BBC news
The study published in the British Medical Journal involved tracking 1,900 people over a period of 10 years.
Although the link between cannabis and psychosis is well-established, it had been unclear whether cannabis triggers the disorder.
This research strongly suggests that cannabis use comes first, rather than people taking it for their symptoms.
The research was led by Professor Jim van Os from Maastricht University in the Netherlands, and included researchers from the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the UK.
They excluded anyone who reported cannabis use or pre-existing psychotic symptoms at the start of the study, which took place in Germany.
The participants in the study, aged between 14 and 24, were assessed for cannabis use and psychotic symptoms at three points over a 10-year period.
It found that cannabis use "significantly" increased the risk of psychotic symptoms, even when other factors such as socio-economic status, use of different drugs and other psychiatric conditions were taken into account. for more info., contact BBC news
Tuesday, 1 March 2011
COMMALEMAL
COMMALEMAL, Ca Prostate
Introduction
The proliferation of literature about the molecular basis of carcinoma has far outpaced the growth of even the most malignant form of cancer yet it is still very important for us to talk about tumors. Cancers use to be a mysterious disease of the white Man, just like development, it will first take origin from the Caucasians before the story now become borderless one. This is probably because it was not diagnosed early enough, or because of environmental and genetic difference or the reason for these is also yet to be understood. Before I continue with the assumption that my readers know what is that cancer, I will like to attempt to remixed the definition of what is these cancer so that those outside the professor will understand. Cancer is that abnormal growth whish is purposeless purposelessness, directionless directionlessness and it can also be seen as being consciousness consciouslessness that is so autonomous to that extend that it dose not obey the command of the normal growth regulators in the bodies of the victims. Because of the above characteristics, cancer cells can invade normal tissues, can spread through the blood and lymphatic thereby causing problems. The body react to the presence of these abnormal cells also add to the problems. When these occur in secretary tissues, the cause over or under secretion of the substance thereby adding to the problem. Because the are autonomy, they consume most of the nutrients in the body to the detriment of the normal tissues. Cancer is not just one disease, there are many types of cancer, almost every tissue in the body can go cancerous.
Cancer don’t have regards to the age, sex, race and social status of the victim. Though Some cancer can occur in women not in men because of the different In body structure that exist in men and women, some occur more in white or in black or more in children, the elderly or the rich. All it need is the right combination of genetic and environmental interplay for it to occur. These article will focus on the most common malignancy I males. It is non other than COMMALEMAL ie Commonest Male Malignancy
to be continued...............
Introduction
The proliferation of literature about the molecular basis of carcinoma has far outpaced the growth of even the most malignant form of cancer yet it is still very important for us to talk about tumors. Cancers use to be a mysterious disease of the white Man, just like development, it will first take origin from the Caucasians before the story now become borderless one. This is probably because it was not diagnosed early enough, or because of environmental and genetic difference or the reason for these is also yet to be understood. Before I continue with the assumption that my readers know what is that cancer, I will like to attempt to remixed the definition of what is these cancer so that those outside the professor will understand. Cancer is that abnormal growth whish is purposeless purposelessness, directionless directionlessness and it can also be seen as being consciousness consciouslessness that is so autonomous to that extend that it dose not obey the command of the normal growth regulators in the bodies of the victims. Because of the above characteristics, cancer cells can invade normal tissues, can spread through the blood and lymphatic thereby causing problems. The body react to the presence of these abnormal cells also add to the problems. When these occur in secretary tissues, the cause over or under secretion of the substance thereby adding to the problem. Because the are autonomy, they consume most of the nutrients in the body to the detriment of the normal tissues. Cancer is not just one disease, there are many types of cancer, almost every tissue in the body can go cancerous.
Cancer don’t have regards to the age, sex, race and social status of the victim. Though Some cancer can occur in women not in men because of the different In body structure that exist in men and women, some occur more in white or in black or more in children, the elderly or the rich. All it need is the right combination of genetic and environmental interplay for it to occur. These article will focus on the most common malignancy I males. It is non other than COMMALEMAL ie Commonest Male Malignancy
to be continued...............
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